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LaTeX TikZ 基础使用笔记

Date / 日期: 2026.09.16
Updated / 更新: 2026.09.16
Reading / 阅读: 257 Min
Words / 字数: 51317
Category / 分类: 编程 Latex
Tags / 标签: #编程 #Latex #Tikz

LaTeX TikZ 基础使用笔记

2026年9月16日· 更新于 2026年9月16日· 约 257 分钟· 51317 字

编程Latex

#编程 #Latex #Tikz

TikZ 是 LaTeX 中非常强大的绘图包，适合画流程图、几何图、函数图、示意图等。

引入 TikZ

最小示例：

1
\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
3

4
\begin{document}
5
\begin{tikzpicture}
6
  % 绘图命令
7
\end{tikzpicture}
8
\end{document}

如果写在普通文档中：

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\documentclass{article}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
3

4
\begin{document}
5
\begin{tikzpicture}
6
  % 绘图命令
7
\end{tikzpicture}
8
\end{document}

常用编译方式：pdflatex、xelatex、lualatex 都可以。
如果单独画图，推荐使用 standalone 文档类。

tikzpicture 环境

所有 TikZ 图形通常放在 tikzpicture 环境中，[] 内可写可选参数：

1
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
2
  % 绘图命令
3
\end{tikzpicture}

也可以放在 figure 环境中：

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\begin{figure}[htbp]
2
  \centering
3
  \begin{tikzpicture}
4
   % 绘图命令
5
  \end{tikzpicture}
6
  \caption{TikZ 示例}
7
  \label{fig:tikz-example}
8
\end{figure}

引用：图 \ref{fig:tikz-example}。

坐标系与坐标写法

直角坐标

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\draw (0,0) -- (2,1);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;

1
\draw (0,0) -- (2,1);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;

极坐标

格式：(角度:半径)

1
\draw (0,0) -- (45:2);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (90:1.5);

1
\draw (0,0) -- (45:2);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (90:1.5);

相对坐标

1
\draw (0,0) -- ++(1,0) -- ++(0,1) -- ++(-1,0) -- cycle;

1
\draw (0,0) -- ++(1,0) -- ++(0,1) -- ++(-1,0) -- cycle;

说明：

++(1,0)：以上一个点为基准移动，并更新当前点。
+(1,0)：以上一个点为基准移动，但不更新当前点。

对比：

1
\draw (0,0) -- +(1,0) -- +(0,1);
2
\draw (2,0) -- ++(1,0) -- ++(0,1);

1
\draw (0,0) -- +(1,0) -- +(0,1);
2
\draw (2,0) -- ++(1,0) -- ++(0,1);

命名坐标

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\coordinate (A) at (0,0);
2
\coordinate (B) at (2,1);
3

4
\draw (A) -- (B);
5
\node[above] at (A) {A};
6
\node[above] at (B) {B};

1
\coordinate (A) at (0,0);
2
\coordinate (B) at (2,1);
3

4
\draw (A) -- (B);
5
\node[above] at (A) {A};
6
\node[above] at (B) {B};

基本绘图命令

直线、折线、闭合路径

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\draw (0,0) -- (2,0);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (1,1) -- (2,0);
3
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;

1
\draw (0,0) -- (2,0);
2
\draw (0,0) -- (1,1) -- (2,0);
3
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;

矩形

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\draw (0,0) rectangle (2,1);

1
\draw (0,0) rectangle (2,1);

圆和椭圆

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\draw (0,0) circle (1);
2
\draw (0,0) ellipse (2 and 1);

1
\draw (0,0) circle (1);
2
\draw (0,0) ellipse (2 and 1);

圆弧

1
\draw (0,0) arc (0:90:1);
2
\draw (0,0) arc (0:180:2 and 1);

1
\draw (0,0) arc (0:90:1);
2
\draw (0,0) arc (0:180:2 and 1);

曲线

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\draw (0,0) .. controls (1,0) and (1,1) .. (2,1);
2
\draw (0,0) parabola (1,1);
3
\draw (0,0) sin (1,1);

1
\draw (0,0) .. controls (1,0) and (1,1) .. (2,1);
2
\draw (0,0) parabola (1,1);
3
\draw (0,0) sin (1,1);

填充与描边

1
\fill[red!30] (0,0) circle (1);
2
\draw[fill=blue!20, draw=blue] (2,0) rectangle (4,1);
3
\filldraw[fill=green!20, draw=green!60!black] (0,-2) circle (0.8);
4
\shade[left color=red, right color=blue] (2,-2) rectangle (4,-1);

1
\fill[red!30] (0,0) circle (1);
2
\draw[fill=blue!20, draw=blue] (2,0) rectangle (4,1);
3
\filldraw[fill=green!20, draw=green!60!black] (0,-2) circle (0.8);
4
\shade[left color=red, right color=blue] (2,-2) rectangle (4,-1);

常用绘图选项

1
\draw[red, thick, dashed, ->] (0,0) -- (2,1);
2
\draw[blue, ultra thick, dotted] (0,1) -- (2,1);
3
\draw[green!50!black, rounded corners=3pt] (0,2) rectangle (2,3);

1
\draw[red, thick, dashed, ->] (0,0) -- (2,1);
2
\draw[blue, ultra thick, dotted] (0,1) -- (2,1);
3
\draw[green!50!black, rounded corners=3pt] (0,2) rectangle (2,3);

常用选项：

选项	作用
`draw`	描边
`fill`	填充
`thick`、`thin`、`ultra thick`	线宽
`dashed`、`dotted`	虚线、点线
`red`、`blue`、`green!50!black`	颜色
`opacity=0.5`	透明度
`rounded corners`	圆角
`rotate=30`	旋转
`scale=1.2`	缩放
`xshift=1cm`、`yshift=0.5cm`	平移
`->`、`<-`、`<->`	箭头
`>=Stealth`	箭头样式
`line width=1pt`	线宽

颜色混合示例：

1
\draw[red!50!blue] (0,0) -- (1,0);
2
\draw[blue!20] (0,0) -- (0,1);

1
\draw[red!50!blue] (0,0) -- (1,0);
2
\draw[blue!20] (0,0) -- (0,1);

节点 node

节点用于放置文字、标签、框等。

1
\node at (0,0) {文字};
2
\node[draw] at (1,0) {带边框};
3
\node[draw, circle] at (2,0) {A};
4
\node[draw, rounded corners, fill=blue!10] at (3,0) {圆角框};

1
\node at (0,0) {文字};
2
\node[draw] at (1,0) {带边框};
3
\node[draw, circle] at (2,0) {A};
4
\node[draw, rounded corners, fill=blue!10] at (3,0) {圆角框};

节点位置

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\node[above] at (0,0) {上};
2
\node[below] at (0,0) {下};
3
\node[left] at (0,0) {左};
4
\node[right] at (0,0) {右};
5
\node[above right] at (0,0) {右上};
6
\node[below left] at (0,0) {左下};

1
\node[above] at (0,0) {上};
2
\node[below] at (0,0) {下};
3
\node[left] at (0,0) {左};
4
\node[right] at (0,0) {右};
5
\node[above right] at (0,0) {右上};
6
\node[below left] at (0,0) {左下};

命名节点

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\node[draw, circle] (A) at (0,0) {A};
2
\node[draw, circle] (B) at (2,0) {B};
3

4
\draw[->] (A) -- (B);

1
\node[draw, circle] (A) at (0,0) {A};
2
\node[draw, circle] (B) at (2,0) {B};
3

4
\draw[->] (A) -- (B);

多行文本

需要 align 选项：

1
\node[draw, align=center] at (0,0) {第一行\\第二行};

1
\node[draw, align=center] at (0,0) {第一行\\第二行};

锚点

1
\node[draw, anchor=west] at (0,0) {左对齐};
2
\node[draw, anchor=east] at (0,0) {右对齐};

1
\node[draw, anchor=west] at (0,0) {左对齐};
2
\node[draw, anchor=east] at (0,0) {右对齐};

箭头与箭头库

使用 Stealth、Latex 等箭头样式需要加载 arrows.meta 库，例如：

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
2

3
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (1,0);
4
\draw[<-] (0,0.5) -- (1,0.5);
5
\draw[<->] (0,1) -- (1,1);
6
\draw[-{Stealth[length=3mm]}] (0,1.5) -- (1,1.5);
7
\draw[->, >=Latex] (0,2) -- (1,2);

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
2

3
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (1,0);
4
\draw[<-] (0,0.5) -- (1,0.5);
5
\draw[<->] (0,1) -- (1,1);
6
\draw[-{Stealth[length=3mm]}] (0,1.5) -- (1,1.5);
7
\draw[->, >=Latex] (0,2) -- (1,2);

样式定义 tikzset

可以统一定义样式：

1
\tikzset{
2
  myline/.style={draw=blue, thick, ->},
3
  mybox/.style={draw, rounded corners, fill=yellow!20, align=center}
4
}
5

6
\begin{tikzpicture}
7
  \draw[myline] (0,0) -- (2,1);
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  \node[mybox] at (0,-1) {样式节点};
9
\end{tikzpicture}

循环 foreach

画竖线

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\foreach \x in {0,1,2,3} {
2
  \draw[gray] (\x,0) -- (\x,2);
3
}

1
\foreach \x in {0,1,2,3} {
2
  \draw[gray] (\x,0) -- (\x,2);
3
}

画点

1
\foreach \x in {0,...,5} {
2
  \fill[red] (\x,0) circle (2pt);
3
}

1
\foreach \x in {0,...,5} {
2
  \fill[red] (\x,0) circle (2pt);
3
}

带标签

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\foreach \x/\y in {0/A, 1/B, 2/C} {
2
  \node[draw, circle] at (\x,0) {\y};
3
}

1
\foreach \x/\y in {0/A, 1/B, 2/C} {
2
  \node[draw, circle] at (\x,0) {\y};
3
}

极坐标循环

1
\foreach \a in {0,30,...,330} {
2
  \fill[blue] (\a:1) circle (1.5pt);
3
}

1
\foreach \a in {0,30,...,330} {
2
  \fill[blue] (\a:1) circle (1.5pt);
3
}

坐标计算与定位库

calc 库

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\usetikzlibrary{calc}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \coordinate (A) at (0,0);
5
  \coordinate (B) at (2,1);
6

7
  \coordinate (M) at ($ (A)!0.5!(B) $);
8
  \draw (A) -- (B);
9
  \fill[red] (M) circle (2pt);
10
\end{tikzpicture}

1
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \coordinate (A) at (0,0);
5
  \coordinate (B) at (2,1);
6

7
  \coordinate (M) at ($ (A)!0.5!(B) $);
8
  \draw (A) -- (B);
9
  \fill[red] (M) circle (2pt);
10
\end{tikzpicture}

positioning 库

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\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \node[draw] (A) {A};
5
  \node[draw, right=of A] (B) {B};
6
  \node[draw, below=1cm of A] (C) {C};
7

8
  \draw[->] (A) -- (B);
9
  \draw[->] (A) -- (C);
10
\end{tikzpicture}

1
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \node[draw] (A) {A};
5
  \node[draw, right=of A] (B) {B};
6
  \node[draw, below=1cm of A] (C) {C};
7

8
  \draw[->] (A) -- (B);
9
  \draw[->] (A) -- (C);
10
\end{tikzpicture}

函数图像

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\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:4, samples=100]
2
  \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (4.2,0) node[right] {$x$};
3
  \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,2.5) node[above] {$y$};
4

5
  \draw[blue, thick] plot (\x, {sin(\x r) + 1})
6
    node[right] {$y=\sin x+1$};
7
\end{tikzpicture}

1
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:4, samples=100]
2
  \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (4.2,0) node[right] {$x$};
3
  \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,2.5) node[above] {$y$};
4

5
  \draw[blue, thick] plot (\x, {sin(\x r) + 1})
6
    node[right] {$y=\sin x+1$};
7
\end{tikzpicture}

注意：TikZ 中三角函数默认使用弧度，sin(\x r) 表示把 \x 转为弧度。

局部作用域 scope

1
\begin{tikzpicture}
2
  \draw (0,0) rectangle (1,1);
3

4
  \begin{scope}[shift={(2,0)}, rotate=30, red]
5
    \draw (0,0) rectangle (1,1);
6
  \end{scope}
7
\end{tikzpicture}

1
\begin{tikzpicture}
2
  \draw (0,0) rectangle (1,1);
3

4
  \begin{scope}[shift={(2,0)}, rotate=30, red]
5
    \draw (0,0) rectangle (1,1);
6
  \end{scope}
7
\end{tikzpicture}

常用 TikZ 库

按需加载：

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
2
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
3
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
4
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
5
\usetikzlibrary{patterns}
6
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing}
7
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}
8
\usetikzlibrary{fit}
9
\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}
10
\usetikzlibrary{matrix}
11
\usetikzlibrary{chains}
12
\usetikzlibrary{external}

常见库用途：

arrows.meta：箭头样式
positioning：节点相对定位
calc：坐标计算
shapes.geometric：菱形、星形等形状
patterns：填充图案
decorations.pathreplacing：大括号等装饰
fit：让节点包围一组元素
backgrounds：背景层
matrix：矩阵布局
chains：链式节点
external：外部化编译，加速大型文档

图案填充

1
\usetikzlibrary{patterns}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \draw[pattern=north east lines] (0,0) rectangle (2,1);
5
  \draw[pattern=dots, pattern color=blue] (3,0) rectangle (5,1);
6
\end{tikzpicture}

1
\usetikzlibrary{patterns}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}
4
  \draw[pattern=north east lines] (0,0) rectangle (2,1);
5
  \draw[pattern=dots, pattern color=blue] (3,0) rectangle (5,1);
6
\end{tikzpicture}

综合示例：简单流程图

1
\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
3
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, shapes.geometric}
4

5
\begin{document}
6
\begin{tikzpicture}[
7
  node distance=1.2cm,
8
  >={Stealth[length=2mm]},
9
  every node/.style={font=\small},
10
  box/.style={
11
    draw,
12
    rounded corners,
13
    fill=blue!10,
14
    minimum width=2cm,
15
    minimum height=0.8cm,
16
    align=center
17
  },
18
  decision/.style={
19
    draw,
20
    diamond,
21
    aspect=2,
22
    fill=orange!15,
23
    align=center
24
  }
25
]
26
  \node[box] (start) {开始};
27
  \node[decision, below=of start] (check) {条件?};
28
  \node[box, below=of check, fill=green!15] (yes) {执行};
29
  \node[box, right=of check, fill=red!15] (no) {结束};
30

31
  \draw[->] (start) -- (check);
32
  \draw[->] (check) -- node[left] {是} (yes);
33
  \draw[->] (check) -- node[above] {否} (no);
34
\end{tikzpicture}
35
\end{document}

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, shapes.geometric}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}[
4
  node distance=1.2cm,
5
  >={Stealth[length=2mm]},
6
  every node/.style={font=\small},
7
  box/.style={
8
    draw,
9
    rounded corners,
10
    fill=blue!10,
11
    minimum width=2cm,
12
    minimum height=0.8cm,
13
    align=center
14
  },
15
  decision/.style={
16
    draw,
17
    diamond,
18
    aspect=2,
19
    fill=orange!15,
20
    align=center
21
  }
22
]
23
  \node[box] (start) {开始};
24
  \node[decision, below=of start] (check) {条件?};
25
  \node[box, below=of check, fill=green!15] (yes) {执行};
26
  \node[box, right=of check, fill=red!15] (no) {结束};
27

28
  \draw[->] (start) -- (check);
29
  \draw[->] (check) -- node[left] {是} (yes);
30
  \draw[->] (check) -- node[above] {否} (no);
31
\end{tikzpicture}

综合示例：坐标轴与函数

1
\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
3

4
\begin{document}
5
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=-3:3, samples=100, scale=0.8]
6
  \draw[->] (-3.2,0) -- (3.2,0) node[right] {$x$};
7
  \draw[->] (0,-1.2) -- (0,3.2) node[above] {$y$};
8

9
  \draw[red, thick] plot (\x, {0.5*\x*\x}) node[right] {$y=0.5x^2$};
10
  \draw[blue, thick] plot (\x, {sin(\x r)}) node[above right] {$y=\sin x$};
11
\end{tikzpicture}
12
\end{document}

1
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=-3:3, samples=100, scale=0.8]
2
  \draw[->] (-3.2,0) -- (3.2,0) node[right] {$x$};
3
  \draw[->] (0,-1.2) -- (0,3.2) node[above] {$y$};
4

5
  \draw[red, thick] plot (\x, {0.5*\x*\x}) node[right] {$y=0.5x^2$};
6
  \draw[blue, thick] plot (\x, {sin(\x r)}) node[above right] {$y=\sin x$};
7
\end{tikzpicture}

常见问题与技巧

报错 Unknown key 或找不到形状时，通常需要加载对应库：

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
2
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
3
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}

节点文字换行需要加：
LaTeX
```
1
align=center
```
然后使用 \\ 换行。

想让图形单独编译，推荐：

1
\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}

调整图形整体大小：
LaTeX
```
1
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
```

调整节点间距：

1
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1.5cm]

使用样式让代码更整洁：

1
\tikzset{
2
  box/.style={draw, rounded corners, fill=blue!10},
3
  arrow/.style={->, thick, >=Stealth}
4
}

调试时可以画网格：

1
\draw[help lines, step=0.5] (0,0) grid (4,3);

中文文档建议使用 xelatex 编译，并加载 ctex：
LaTeX
```
1
\documentclass{ctexart}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
```

最小可复制模板

1
\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}
2
\usepackage{tikz}
3
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, calc, shapes.geometric, patterns}
4

5
\begin{document}
6
\begin{tikzpicture}[
7
  >={Stealth[length=2mm]},
8
  thick,
9
  every node/.style={font=\small}
10
]
11
  \draw[->] (0,0) -- (3,0) node[right] {$x$};
12
  \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,2) node[above] {$y$};
13

14
  \draw[blue, fill=blue!10] (1,0.5) circle (0.5);
15
  \node[draw, rounded corners, fill=green!10] at (2,1) {TikZ};
16
\end{tikzpicture}
17
\end{document}

1
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, calc, shapes.geometric, patterns}
2

3
\begin{tikzpicture}[
4
  >={Stealth[length=2mm]},
5
  thick,
6
  every node/.style={font=\small}
7
]
8
  \draw[->] (0,0) -- (3,0) node[right] {$x$};
9
  \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,2) node[above] {$y$};
10

11
  \draw[blue, fill=blue!10] (1,0.5) circle (0.5);
12
  \node[draw, rounded corners, fill=green!10] at (2,1) {TikZ};
13
\end{tikzpicture}

掌握以上内容后，就可以开始用 TikZ 画常见的几何图、流程图、坐标图和示意图了。